Coastal geography is the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography  of the coast. It involves an understanding of coastal weathering  processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement and weather, wave action and longshore drift, Sealevel changes(eustatic change), Land level changes (isostatic change),Coastal landforms.

Natural disaster occured due to geological  disturbances often caused by shifts in tectonic plates  and seismic activity. Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves which were caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs. GIS helps to manage the impact of Earthquakes and other disasters by assessing risk and hazard locations in relation to populations, property, and natural resources, Integrating data and enabling understanding of the scope of an emergency to manage an incident and identifying staging area locations, operational branches and divisions, and other important incident management needs. Paleo-seismology, Volcano seismology and infrasound, Tsunamis, Glacier seismicity, Tectonic deformation, Seismotectonics were the realted fields to study the intensity of emergency preparedness towards geological disasters.

These are disasters caused by extreme weather  like rain, drought, snow, extreme heat or cold, ice, or wind. Violent ,sudden and to destructive damage  the environment affecting the earth’s atmosphere , especially the weather-forming  processes.

The relationship between natural disasters and communicable diseases is frequently misconstrued. The availability of safe water and sanitation facilities, the degree of crowding, the underlying health status of the population, and the availability of healthcare services all interact within the context of the local disease ecology to influence the risk for communicable diseases and death in the affected population. Risk Factors for Communicable Disease Transmission, Communicable Diseases Associated with Natural Disasters(Water-related Communicable Diseases, Diseases Associated with Crowding,,Vectorborne Diseases).

It is defined as man-made or natural harmful conditions. Harmful conditions which cause death, injury, illness, damage to or loss of systems, facilities, equipment or property, damage to the environment. For unmanned systems such as robotic satellites, damages due to non-malicious external causes that translates into degradation or loss of mission. For example unwanted collision of a satellite with another satellite, or with space debris. It includes non-voluntary in nature (design errors, malfunctions, human errors, etc.), security refers to threats which are voluntary (i.e. of aggressive nature such as use of anti-satellite weapons)    

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that causes harmful and toxic effects to living things. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Environmental Effects consists of five basic types of pollution air, water, soil, noise and light. Environmental pollution is the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected.

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns that change lasts for an extended period of time. It is a long-term hazard which can increase the risk mitigation  of other weather hazards, due to sea level rise leads to habitat destruction. Climate change outcomes can increase in global temperatures include increased risk of drought and increased intensity of  storms . The extreme weather events responsible for natural disasters include: Extreme temperature, high heat waves and Storms including windstorms, hurricanes, high levels of precipitation and associated flooding, associated drought.

Global warming is the defined as gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to change in the Earth’s climate. The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other human activities, are believed to be the primary sources of the global warming. Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps, increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other severe weather events leading to natural calamities and disasters.

It is an international initiative to draw attention to the global economic benefits of biodiversity. Its objective is to highlight the growing cost of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation and to draw together expertise from the fields of science, economics and policy to enable practical actions. The report provided evidence for significant global and local economic losses and human welfare impacts due to the ongoing losses of biodiversity and degradation of ecosystems.

It makes  to gather information on unsafe or out of reach zones. We can monitor deforestation in territories, for example, the amazon Basin, glacial features in Arctic and Antarctic areas, and depth sounding of waterfront and sea profundities. Remote sensors gather information by locating the vitality that is reflected from Earth. These sensors might be on satellites or mounted on air ship. Remote sensors might be either passive or active. Passive sensors react to outside jolts. They record radiation that is reflected from Earth's surface. It represents Radio meters, Photo meters, RADAR, LIDAR, Hyper spectral imaging. Space probes to other planets have also provided the opportunity to conduct remote sensing studies in extraterrestrial environments, synthetic aperture radar.

The set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss.  An earthquake warning system is a system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised for regional notification of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress.

A Regulatory Floodway means the channel of a river or other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a designated height  is an unsteady-flow model that has been  used for National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) purposes. Flow programs  helps to determine floodways automatically to account for the loss of floodplain storage and conveyance. Flow model to compute the water-surface elevations for the floodway analysis to account for the loss of floodplain storage.

Disaster risk reduction is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and reduce the affects and factors of disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property wise management of land and the environment, and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events are all examples of disaster risk reduction. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, through an ethic of prevention. The governments, agencies, organizations, businesses and civil society understand risk and vulnerability, the better equipped they will be to mitigate disaster

• Disaster analysis
• Disaster monitoring and mitigation
• Emergency preparedness
• Risk mitigation and security
• Community resilience
• Socio-economic issues
• Health risk and disaster psychology
• Case studies
• Human factors
• Multi-hazard risk assessment
• Risk communications
• Preparedness and training
• Learning from disasters and man-made disasters